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By Darboux's theorem, the derivative of any differentiable function is a Darboux function. In particular, the derivative of the function (/) is a Darboux function even though it is not continuous at one point. An example of a Darboux function that is nowhere continuous is the Conway base 13 function.
This process does not guarantee success; a limit might fail to exist, or might be infinite. For example, over the bounded interval from 0 to 1 the integral of 1/x does not converge; and over the unbounded interval from 1 to ∞ the integral of 1/ √ x does not converge. The improper integral
The function in example 1, a removable discontinuity. Consider the piecewise function = {< = >. The point = is a removable discontinuity.For this kind of discontinuity: The one-sided limit from the negative direction: = and the one-sided limit from the positive direction: + = + at both exist, are finite, and are equal to = = +.
Example 2: a function f is uniformly continuous on the semi-open interval [0,∞) if and only if it is continuous at the standard points of the interval, and in addition, the natural extension f* is microcontinuous at every positive infinite hyperreal point. Example 3: similarly, the failure of uniform continuity for the squaring function
Limits can be difficult to compute. There exist limit expressions whose modulus of convergence is undecidable. In recursion theory, the limit lemma proves that it is possible to encode undecidable problems using limits. [14] There are several theorems or tests that indicate whether the limit exists. These are known as convergence tests.
respectively. If these limits exist at p and are equal there, then this can be referred to as the limit of f(x) at p. [7] If the one-sided limits exist at p, but are unequal, then there is no limit at p (i.e., the limit at p does not exist). If either one-sided limit does not exist at p, then the limit at p also does not exist.
A functor G : C → D is said to lift limits for a diagram F : J → C if whenever (L, φ) is a limit of GF there exists a limit (L′, φ′) of F such that G(L′, φ′) = (L, φ). A functor G lifts limits of shape J if it lifts limits for all diagrams of shape J. One can therefore talk about lifting products, equalizers, pullbacks, etc.
For integrands which are not locally bounded, there are examples where H · M is not a local martingale. However, this can only occur when M is not continuous. If M is a continuous local martingale then a predictable process H is M -integrable if and only if ∫ 0 t H 2 d [ M ] < ∞ , {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{t}H^{2}\,d[M]<\infty ,} for each ...