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The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway provides a braking effect on the innate immune response which protects the body against the damage that can occur if a localized inflammatory response spreads beyond the local tissues, which results in toxicity or damage to the kidney, liver, lungs, and other organs. [5]
Cholinergic blocking drugs are a group of drugs that block the action of acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter, in synapses of the cholinergic nervous system. [1] They block acetylcholine from binding to cholinergic receptors, namely the nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.
Cholinergic agents are compounds which mimic the action of acetylcholine and/or butyrylcholine. [1] In general, the word " choline " describes the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the N , N , N -trimethylethanolammonium cation .
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic compound that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals (including humans) as a neurotransmitter. [1] Its name is derived from its chemical structure: it is an ester of acetic acid and choline. [2] Parts in the body that use or are affected by acetylcholine are referred to as cholinergic.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors possess a regulatory effect on dopaminergic neurotransmission. Activation of M 4 receptors in the striatum inhibit D 1-induced locomotor stimulation in mice. M 4 receptor-deficient mice exhibit increased locomotor simulation in response to D 1 agonists, amphetamine and cocaine.
A parasympathomimetic drug, sometimes called a cholinomimetic drug [1] or cholinergic receptor stimulating agent, [2] is a substance that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). [ 3 ] [ 2 ] These chemicals are also called cholinergic drugs because acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter used by the PSNS.
The muscarinic M 3 receptor regulates insulin secretion from the pancreas [7] and are an important target for understanding the mechanisms of type 2 diabetes mellitus.. Some antipsychotic drugs that are prescribed to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (such as olanzapine and clozapine) have a high risk of diabetes side-effects.
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M 2, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 2, is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor that in humans is encoded by the CHRM2 gene. [5] Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [5] It is G i-coupled, reducing intracellular levels of cAMP.