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An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea. Antiemetics are typically used to treat motion sickness and the side effects of opioid analgesics, general anaesthetics, and chemotherapy directed against cancer. They may be used for severe cases of gastroenteritis, especially if the patient is dehydrated. [1] [2]
There are few side effects related to the use of 5-HT 3 antagonists; the most common are constipation or diarrhea, headache, and dizziness. [28] Unlike antihistamines with antiemetic properties such as cyclizine, 5-HT 3 antagonists do not produce sedation, nor do they cause extrapyramidal effects, as phenothiazines (such as prochlorperazine ...
Granisetron is a serotonin 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist used as an antiemetic to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Its main effect is to reduce the activity of the vagus nerve, which is a nerve that activates the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata. It does not have much effect on vomiting due to motion sickness.
The antiemetic action of metoclopramide is due to its antagonist activity at D 2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the central nervous system — this action prevents nausea and vomiting triggered by most stimuli. [35] At higher doses, 5-HT 3 antagonist activity may also contribute to the antiemetic effect. [36] [failed verification]
5-HT 3 receptor antagonists are very effective antiemetics and constitute a great advance in the management of CINV. These drugs block one or more of the nerve signals that cause nausea and vomiting. During the first 24 hours after chemotherapy, the most effective approach appears to be blocking the 5-HT 3 nerve signal. [10]
Maropitant is safer than other antiemetics used in veterinary medicine, in part because of its high specificity for its target and thus not binding to other receptors in the central nervous system. [6] Side effects in dogs and cats include hypersalivation, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and vomiting.
It is sometimes used as a premedication, especially to reduce respiratory tract secretions in surgery, most commonly by injection. [22] [23] Common side effects include sleepiness, blurred vision, dilated pupils, and dry mouth. [1] It is not recommended in people with angle-closure glaucoma or bowel obstruction. [1]
Nausea and vomiting are common side effects when first beginning therapy with apomorphine; [11] antiemetics such as trimethobenzamide or domperidone, dopamine antagonists, [12] are often used while first starting apomorphine. Around 50% of people grow tolerant enough to apomorphine's emetic effects that they can discontinue the antiemetic.