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The Sauk/Sac called themselves the autonym of Othâkîwa, Thâkîwa, Thâkîwaki or Asaki-waki/Oθaakiiwaki people of the yellow earth [("people coming forth [from the outlet]," i.e., "from the water")], which is often interpreted to mean "yellow-earth people" or "the Yellow-Earths", due to the yellow-clay soils found around Saginaw Bay.
'fetching-water people') [3] is a term used for those among the Sauk who travelled to the Suiattle River during the summer, and is not an ethnic identifier. However, due to the closeness of the two groups, they are commonly known together as the "Sauk-Suiattle." [4] The name for the Sauk-Suiattle in Lushootseed is saʔqʷəbixʷ-suyaƛ̕bixʷ.
The Sauk and Foxes signed a number of treaties with the United States Government in the nineteenth century, often signed with other tribal nations and involved relocation. The Treaty of St. Louis from November 3, 1804, which gave away large portions of the land of the Sauk and Foxes to the United States.
By 1826, an estimated 4,800 Sauk lived in and around Saukenuk. Others who passed through, such as William H. Keating, noted that the village was not limited to the Sauk. Keating estimated only about 20% of the warriors that the Sauk could muster had pure Sauk ancestry. [6] It was the largest single settlement in the new U.S. state of Illinois ...
The Black Hawk War was a conflict between the United States and Native Americans led by Black Hawk, a Sauk leader. The war erupted after Black Hawk and a group of Sauks, Meskwakis (Fox), and Kickapoos, known as the "British Band", crossed the Mississippi River, to the U.S. state of Illinois, from Iowa Indian Territory in April 1832.
Black Hawk, born Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak (Sauk: Mahkatêwe-meshi-kêhkêhkwa) (c. 1767 – October 3, 1838), was a Sauk leader and warrior who lived in what is now the Midwestern United States. Although he had inherited an important historic sacred bundle from his father, he was not a hereditary civil chief.
The Fox call themselves Meskwaki and because they are the dominant people in this tribe, it is also simply called the Meskwaki Nation (Meskwaki: Meshkwahkîhaki, meaning: "People of the red earth"). The Sauk people call themselves Êshkwîha (literally: "Fox people") or Yochikwîka , both with the meaning "Northern Sauk".
Keokuk was born around 1780 on the Rock River in what soon became Illinois Territory to a Sauk warrior of the Fox clan and his wife of mixed lineage. [4] [5] He lived in a village near what became Peoria, Illinois on the Illinois River, and although not of the traditional ruling elite, was elected to the tribal council as a young man.