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  2. Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotations_in_4-dimensional...

    The rotation is completely specified by specifying the axis planes and the angles of rotation about them. Without loss of generality, these axis planes may be chosen to be the uz - and xy-planes of a Cartesian coordinate system, allowing a simpler visualization of the rotation. In 4D space, the Hopf angles {ξ 1, η, ξ 2} parameterize the 3 ...

  3. Rotation matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix

    Every rotation in three dimensions is defined by its axis (a vector along this axis is unchanged by the rotation), and its angle — the amount of rotation about that axis (Euler rotation theorem). There are several methods to compute the axis and angle from a rotation matrix (see also axis–angle representation ).

  4. Four-dimensional space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensional_space

    Einstein's concept of spacetime has a Minkowski structure based on a non-Euclidean geometry with three spatial dimensions and one temporal dimension, rather than the four symmetric spatial dimensions of Schläfli's Euclidean 4D space. Single locations in Euclidean 4D space can be given as vectors or 4-tuples, i.e., as ordered lists of numbers ...

  5. Point groups in four dimensions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_groups_in_four...

    1951, A. C. Hurley, Finite rotation groups and crystal classes in four dimensions, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol. 47, issue 04, p. 650 [1] 1962 A. L. MacKay Bravais Lattices in Four-dimensional Space [2] 1964 Patrick du Val, Homographies, quaternions and rotations, quaternion-based 4D point groups

  6. Rotation (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_(mathematics)

    A plane rotation around a point followed by another rotation around a different point results in a total motion which is either a rotation (as in this picture), or a translation. A motion of a Euclidean space is the same as its isometry : it leaves the distance between any two points unchanged after the transformation.

  7. Plane of rotation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_of_rotation

    The two rotation planes span four-dimensional space, so every point in the space can be specified by two points, one on each of the planes. A double rotation has two angles of rotation, one for each plane of rotation. The rotation is specified by giving the two planes and two non-zero angles, α and β (if either angle is zero the rotation is ...

  8. Formulations of special relativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulations_of_special...

    Euclidean geometry is consistent with Minkowski's classical theory of relativity. When the geometric projection of 4D properties to 3D space is made, the hyperbolic Minkowski geometry transforms into a rotation in 4D circular geometry.

  9. Quaternions and spatial rotation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternions_and_spatial...

    3D visualization of a sphere and a rotation about an Euler axis (^) by an angle of In 3-dimensional space, according to Euler's rotation theorem, any rotation or sequence of rotations of a rigid body or coordinate system about a fixed point is equivalent to a single rotation by a given angle about a fixed axis (called the Euler axis) that runs through the fixed point. [6]