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In coeliac disease, anti-actin antibody levels correlate with the level of intestinal damage. [2] [3] In autoimmune hepatitis, anti-actin antibody levels correlate with patterns of immune recognition, [4] the pattern of recognition was specific to a small percentage of autoimmune hepatitis type 1 or cryptogenic hepatitis patients. [5]
Anti-smooth muscle antibodies are antibodies (immunoglobulins) formed against smooth muscle. These antibodies are typically associated with autoimmune hepatitis. [1] [2] These antibodies can be directed against actin, troponin, and tropomyosin. [3]
The antibody with the higher affinity for a specific epitope will surpass antibodies with a lower affinity for the same epitope. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] By conjugating the antibody to a fluorophore , the position of the target biomolecule is visualized by exciting the fluorophore and measuring the emission of light in a specific predefined wavelength using ...
ACTA2 (actin alpha 2) is an actin protein with several aliases including alpha-actin, alpha-actin-2, aortic smooth muscle or alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, SMactin, alpha-SM-actin, ASMA). Actins are a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments .
Alpha-actinin-2 is a 103.8 kDa protein composed of 894 amino acids. [6] [7] Each molecule is rod-shaped (35 nm in length) and it homodimerizes in an anti-parallel fashion.. Each monomer has an N-terminal actin-binding region composed of two calponin homology domains, two C-terminal EF hand domains, and four tandem spectrin-like repeats form the rod domain in the central region of the molecule.
Actin, gamma-enteric smooth muscle is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTG2 gene. [5] [6] [7] Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility, and maintenance of the cytoskeleton. In vertebrates, three main groups of actin isoforms, alpha, beta and gamma have been identified.
Actin, cytoplasmic 2, or gamma-actin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTG1 gene. [5] Gamma-actin is widely expressed in cellular cytoskeletons of many tissues; in adult striated muscle cells, gamma-actin is localized to Z-discs and costamere structures, which are responsible for force transduction and transmission in muscle cells.
Alpha-actinin-1 is a non-muscle cytoskeletal isoform found along microfilament bundles and adherens-type junctions, where it is involved in binding actin to the membrane. In contrast, skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle isoforms are localized to the Z-disc and analogous dense bodies, where they help anchor the myofibrillar actin filaments.