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The Bradford Hill criteria, otherwise known as Hill's criteria for causation, are a group of nine principles that can be useful in establishing epidemiologic evidence of a causal relationship between a presumed cause and an observed effect and have been widely used in public health research.
These are known collectively as the Bradford-Hill criteria, after the great English epidemiologist who proposed them in 1965. However, Austin Bradford Hill himself de-emphasized "plausibility" among the other criteria: It will be helpful if the causation we suspect is biologically plausible. But this is a feature I am convinced we cannot demand.
Sir Austin Bradford Hill [a] CBE FRS [3] ... Hill is widely known for pioneering the "Bradford Hill" criteria for determining a causal association. [4] [5] Early life
Epidemiological (and other observational) studies typically highlight associations between exposures and outcomes, rather than causation. While some consider this a limitation of observational research, epidemiological models of causation (e.g. Bradford Hill criteria) [7] contend that an entire body of evidence is needed before determining if an association is truly causal. [8]
In 1965, Austin Bradford Hill proposed a series of considerations to help assess evidence of causation, [56] which have come to be commonly known as the "Bradford Hill criteria". In contrast to the explicit intentions of their author, Hill's considerations are now sometimes taught as a checklist to be implemented for assessing causality. [57]
The Bradford Hill criteria, also known as Hill's criteria for causation, are a group of nine principles that can be useful in establishing epidemiologic evidence of a causal relationship. Usage and meaning of terms
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Hill would later outline "Bradford Hill criteria" for establishing causal relationships between statistically correlated phenomena. [ 7 ] This publication laid the groundwork for CIOMS' 1982, 1993, 2002, 2009, and 2016 versions of International Ethical Guidelines for Health-Related Research Involving Humans . [ 3 ]