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Aryan (/ ˈ ɛər i ə n /), or Arya in Proto-Indo-Iranian, [1] is a term originating from the ethno-cultural self-designation of the Indo-Iranians, and later Iranians and Indo-Aryans. [2] [3] It stood in contrast to nearby outsiders, whom they designated as non-Aryan (*an-āryā). [4]
In the Greco-Roman world, Ariana was a geographical term referring to a general area of land between Central Asia [1] and the Indus River. [2] Situated far to the east in the Achaemenid Empire, [3] it covered a number of satrapies spanning what is today the entirety of Afghanistan, the easternmost parts of Iran, and the westernmost parts of Pakistan.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 16 January 2025. Indo-European ethnolinguistic groups primarily concentrated in South Asia This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2021) (Learn ...
' Land of the Aryans ', [a] [web 1] [web 2] Sanskrit pronunciation: [aːrjaːˈʋərtə]) is a term for the northern Indian subcontinent in the ancient Hindu texts such as Dharmashastras and Sutras, referring to the areas of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and surrounding regions settled by Indo-Aryan tribes and where Indo-Aryan religion and rituals ...
Gandhara (IAST: Gandhāra) was an ancient Indo-Aryan [1] civilization centred in present-day north-west Pakistan and north-east Afghanistan. [2] [3] [4] The core of the region of Gandhara was the Peshawar and Swat valleys extending as far east as the Pothohar Plateau in Punjab, though the cultural influence of Greater Gandhara extended westwards into the Kabul valley in Afghanistan, and ...
However, the Indo-Aryan deva 'god' is cognate with the Iranian daēva 'demon'. Similarly, the Indo-Aryan asura 'name of a particular group of gods' (later on, 'demon') is cognate with the Iranian ahura 'lord, god,' which 19th and early 20th century authors such as Burrow explained as a reflection of religious rivalry between Indo-Aryans and ...
The term Aryan has long been used to denote the Indo-Iranians, because Ā́rya was the self-designation of the ancient speakers of the Indo-Iranian languages, specifically the Iranian and the Indo-Aryan peoples, collectively known as the Indo-Iranians.
Proto-Indo-Aryan (or sometimes Proto-Indic [a]) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Aryan languages. It is intended to reconstruct the language of the pre-Vedic Indo-Aryans. Proto-Indo-Aryan is meant to be the predecessor of Old Indo-Aryan (1500–300 BCE), which is directly attested as Vedic and Mitanni-Aryan.