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1972 — James Bardeen, Brandon Carter, and Stephen Hawking propose four laws of black hole mechanics in analogy with the laws of thermodynamics. 1972 — Jacob Bekenstein suggests that black holes have an entropy proportional to their surface area due to information loss effects. 1974 — Stephen Hawking applies quantum field theory to black ...
The term "black hole" was used in print by Life and Science News magazines in 1963, and by science journalist Ann Ewing in her article " 'Black Holes' in Space", dated 18 January 1964, which was a report on a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held in Cleveland, Ohio.
1ES 2344+514. Ton 618 (this quasar has possibly the biggest black hole ever found, estimated at 66 billion solar masses) [1] 3C 371. 4C +37.11 (this radio galaxy is believed to have binary supermassive black holes) [2] AP Lib. S5 0014+81 (said to be a compact hyperluminous quasar, estimated at 40 billion solar masses) [3] APM 08279+5255 ...
John Michell ( / ˈmɪtʃəl /; 25 December 1724 – 21 April 1793) was an English natural philosopher and clergyman who provided pioneering insights into a wide range of scientific fields including astronomy, geology, optics, and gravitation. Considered "one of the greatest unsung scientists of all time", [1] he is the first person known to ...
In astrophysics, an event horizon is a boundary beyond which events cannot affect an observer. Wolfgang Rindler coined the term in the 1950s. [1] In 1784, John Michell proposed that gravity can be strong enough in the vicinity of massive compact objects that even light cannot escape. [2] At that time, the Newtonian theory of gravitation and the ...
Primordial black hole. Formation of the universe without (above) and with (below) primordial black holes. In cosmology, primordial black holes ( PBHs) are hypothetical black holes that formed soon after the Big Bang. In the inflationary era and early radiation-dominated universe, extremely dense pockets of subatomic matter may have been tightly ...
Penrose process. The Penrose process (also called Penrose mechanism) is theorised by Sir Roger Penrose as a means whereby energy can be extracted from a rotating black hole. [1] [2] [3] The process takes advantage of the ergosphere – a region of spacetime around the black hole dragged by its rotation faster than the speed of light, meaning ...
Supermassive black holes are classically defined as black holes with a mass above 100,000 ( 105) solar masses ( M☉ ); some have masses of several billion M☉. [12] Supermassive black holes have physical properties that clearly distinguish them from lower-mass classifications. First, the tidal forces in the vicinity of the event horizon are ...