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1972 — James Bardeen, Brandon Carter, and Stephen Hawking propose four laws of black hole mechanics in analogy with the laws of thermodynamics. 1972 — Jacob Bekenstein suggests that black holes have an entropy proportional to their surface area due to information loss effects. 1974 — Stephen Hawking applies quantum field theory to black ...
In theoretical physics, a Penrose diagram (named after mathematical physicist Roger Penrose) is a two-dimensional diagram capturing the causal relations between different points in spacetime through a conformal treatment of infinity. It is an extension (suitable for the curved spacetimes of e.g. general relativity) of the Minkowski diagram of ...
The term "black hole" was used in print by Life and Science News magazines in 1963, and by science journalist Ann Ewing in her article " 'Black Holes' in Space", dated 18 January 1964, which was a report on a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held in Cleveland, Ohio.
A spacetime diagram is a graphical illustration of locations in space at various times, especially in the special theory of relativity. Spacetime diagrams can show the geometry underlying phenomena like time dilation and length contraction without mathematical equations. The history of an object's location through time traces out a line or ...
John Michell ( / ˈmɪtʃəl /; 25 December 1724 – 21 April 1793) was an English natural philosopher and clergyman who provided pioneering insights into a wide range of scientific fields including astronomy, geology, optics, and gravitation. Considered "one of the greatest unsung scientists of all time", [1] he is the first person known to ...
Penrose process. The Penrose process (also called Penrose mechanism) is theorised by Sir Roger Penrose as a means whereby energy can be extracted from a rotating black hole. [1] [2] [3] The process takes advantage of the ergosphere – a region of spacetime around the black hole dragged by its rotation faster than the speed of light, meaning ...
In astrophysics, an event horizon is a boundary beyond which events cannot affect an observer. Wolfgang Rindler coined the term in the 1950s. [1] In 1784, John Michell proposed that gravity can be strong enough in the vicinity of massive compact objects that even light cannot escape. [2] At that time, the Newtonian theory of gravitation and the ...
1ES 2344+514. Ton 618 (this quasar has possibly the biggest black hole ever found, estimated at 66 billion solar masses) [1] 3C 371. 4C +37.11 (this radio galaxy is believed to have binary supermassive black holes) [2] AP Lib. S5 0014+81 (said to be a compact hyperluminous quasar, estimated at 40 billion solar masses) [3] APM 08279+5255 ...