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Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. The differences depend on where the firm is placed in the order of the supply chain. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both ...
The Integrated Management Concept, or IMC is an approach to structure management challenges by applying a " system-theoretical perspective that sees organisations as complex systems consisting of sub-systems, interrelations, and functions". [1] The most characteristic aspect of the IMC is its distinction between three particular management ...
Keiretsu. A keiretsu (Japanese: 系列, literally system, series, grouping of enterprises, order of succession) is a set of companies with interlocking business relationships and shareholdings that dominated the Japanese economy in the second half of the 20th century. In the legal sense, it is a type of business group that is in a loosely ...
Marketing. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [1][2][3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market ...
Supply chain collaboration. In supply chain management, supply chain collaboration is defined as two or more autonomous firms working jointly to plan and execute supply chain operations. It can deliver substantial benefits and advantages to collaborators. [1] It is known as a cooperative strategy when one or more companies or business units ...
The Business Model Canvas is a strategic management template used for developing new business models and documenting existing ones. [2] [3] It offers a visual chart with elements describing a firm's or product's value proposition, [4] infrastructure, customers, and finances, [1] assisting businesses to align their activities by illustrating potential trade-offs.
Flat organization. A flat organization (also known as horizontal organization or flat hierarchy) is an organizational structure with few or no levels of middle management between staff and executives. An organizational structure refers to the nature of the distribution of the units and positions within it, and also to the nature of the ...
Strategy. The Ansoff matrix is a strategic planning tool that provides a framework to help executives, senior managers, and marketers devise strategies for future business growth. [1] It is named after Russian American Igor Ansoff, an applied mathematician and business manager, who created the concept.