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The concept of race as a categorization of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) has an extensive history in Europe and the Americas. The contemporary word race itself is modern; historically it was used in the sense of " nation, ethnic group " during the 16th to 19th centuries. [1][2] Race acquired its modern meaning in the field of ...
e. Race is a categorization of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given society. [1] The term came into common usage during the 16th century, when it was used to refer to groups of various kinds, including those characterized by close kinship relations. [2]
Critical race theory (CRT) is an academic field focused on the relationships between social conceptions of race and ethnicity, social and political laws, and media. CRT also considers racism to be systemic in various laws and rules, not based only on individuals' prejudices. [1][2] The word critical in the name is an academic reference to ...
e. Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscientific belief that the human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "races", [1][2][3] and that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racial discrimination, racial inferiority, or racial superiority. [4][5][6][7] Before the mid-20th century ...
Hybridity. Hybridity, in its most basic sense, refers to mixture. The term originates from biology [1] and was subsequently employed in linguistics and in racial theory in the nineteenth century. [2] Its contemporary uses are scattered across numerous academic disciplines and is salient in popular culture. [3]
Essentialism is the view that objects have a set of attributes that are necessary to their identity. [1] In early Western thought, Platonic idealism held that all things have such an "essence"—an "idea" or "form". In Categories, Aristotle similarly proposed that all objects have a substance that, as George Lakoff put it, "make the thing what ...
Négritude (from French "nègre" and "-itude" to denote a condition that can be translated as "Blackness") is a framework of critique and literary theory, mainly developed by francophone intellectuals, writers, and politicians in the African diaspora during the 1930s, aimed at raising and cultivating "black consciousness" across Africa and its diaspora.
978-1-84467-995-9. Racecraft: The Soul of Inequality in American Life is a 2012 anthology book co-authored by sociologist Karen Fields and her sister, historian Barbara J. Fields. The book examines the origins and production of race and racism in the United States. [ 1 ][ 2 ] Published by Verso Books, Racecraft is organized as a collection of ...