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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, [ a ] also known as Mustafa Kemal Pasha[ b ] until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal[ c ] from 1921 until the Surname Law of 1934 [ 2 ] (c. 1881 [ d ] – 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from ...
Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire, [j] historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, [24][25] was an empire [k] centred in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe between the early 16th and early ...
Turkey portal. v. t. e. The Ottoman Empire was founded c. 1299 by Osman I as a small beylik in northwestern Asia Minor just south of the Byzantine capital Constantinople. In 1326, the Ottomans captured nearby Bursa, cutting off Asia Minor from Byzantine control.
Abdul Hamid II. Abdulhamid or Abdul Hamid II (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی, romanized: Abd ul-Hamid-i s̱ānī; Turkish: II. Abdülhamid; 21 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. [3]
The Ottoman dynasty or House of Osman (c. 1280–1922) was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control.
Delegation of the Ottoman Parliament to Abdul Hamid II. The General Assembly [3] (Ottoman Turkish: مجلس عمومی, romanized: Meclis-i Umûmî; French romanization: "Medjliss Oumoumi" or Genel Parlamento; French: Assemblée Générale) was the first attempt at representative democracy by the imperial government of the Ottoman Empire.
Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire. Ibrahim (/ ˌɪbrəˈhiːm /; Ottoman Turkish: ابراهيم; Turkish: İbrahim; 5 November 1615 – 18 August 1648) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1640 until 1648. He was born in Constantinople, the son of sultan Ahmed I by Kösem Sultan, an ethnic Greek originally named Anastasia. [1][2][3] He was ...
The Ottoman Constitution of 1876 was under direct influence of the Armenian National Constitution and its authors. [5] The Ottoman Constitution of 1876 itself was drawn up by Western-educated Ottoman Armenian Krikor Odian, who was the advisor of Midhat Pasha. [5] [6] [7] Attempts at reform within the empire had long been made.