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The amygdala (/ əˈmɪɡdələ /; pl.: amygdalae / əˈmɪɡdəli, - laɪ / or amygdalas; also corpus amygdaloideum; Latin from Greek, ἀμυγδαλή, amygdalē, 'almond', 'tonsil' [1]) is a paired nuclear complex present in the cerebral hemispheres of vertebrates. It is considered part of the limbic system. [2]
Joseph E. LeDoux (born December 7, 1949) is an American neuroscientist whose research is primarily focused on survival circuits, including their impacts on emotions such as fear and anxiety. [1] LeDoux is the Henry and Lucy Moses Professor of Science at New York University, and director of the Emotional Brain Institute, a collaboration between ...
The Papez circuit involves various structures of the brain. It begins and ends with the hippocampus (or the hippocampal formation). Fiber dissection indicates that the average size of the circuit is 350 millimeters. The Papez circuit goes through the following neural pathways: Hippocampal formation (subiculum) → fornix → mammillary bodies ...
The basolateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens shell together mediate specific Pavlovian-instrumental transfer, a phenomenon in which a classically conditioned stimulus modifies operant behavior. [6] [7] One of the main functions of the basolateral complex is to stimulate the fear response. The fear system is intended to avoid pain or injury.
Many professionals believe that the cause of mental disorders is the biology of the brain and the nervous system. Mind mentions genetic factors, long-term physical health conditions, and head injuries or epilepsy (affecting behavior and mood) as factors that may trigger an episode of mental illness.
The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA or aCeN) is a nucleus within the amygdala. [1][2] It "serves as the major output nucleus of the amygdala and participates in receiving and processing pain information." [3][4][5][6] CeA "connects with brainstem areas that control the expression of innate behaviors and associated physiological responses."
The reward system (the mesocorticolimbic circuit) is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., "wanting"; desire or craving for a reward and motivation), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positively-valenced emotions, particularly ones involving pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy).
Biology of depression. Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in humans with major depressive disorder (MDD), [1] and this has encouraged advocates of various theories that seek to identify a biochemical origin of the disease, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes.