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Comet Mission Outcome Remarks Carrier rocket [2] ICE (ISEE-3) 12 August 1978: NASA United States / ESA: 21P/Giacobini–Zinner: Flyby Successful Extended mission; Closest approach of 7,862 kilometres (4,885 mi) at 11:02 UTC on 11 September 1985. Also made distant observations of 1P/Halley in May 1986. [3] Delta 2914: Vega 1 (5VK No.901) 15 ...
18.2 × 10.5 × 8.9 (12.2 km) 1916 Galileo: 1991 1,600: 262 Flyby; first asteroid visited by a spacecraft. 243 Ida: 56 × 24 × 21 (28 km) 1884 Galileo: 1993 2,390: 152 Flyby; discovered Dactyl; first asteroid with a moon visited by a spacecraft, largest asteroid visited by spacecraft at the time. 253 Mathilde: 66 × 48 × 46 (58 km) 1885 NEAR ...
The arrows could hit animals or people and were feared when walking at night. Comets were conceived as smoking stars and as bad omens, e.g., announcing the death of a ruler. [9] Ancient Chinese records of comet apparitions have been particularly useful to modern astronomers. They are accurate, extensive, and consistent over three millennia.
Galileo 's prime mission was a two-year study of the Jovian system, but on March 26, 1993, while it was en route, astronomers Carolyn S. Shoemaker, Eugene M. Shoemaker and David H. Levy discovered fragments of a comet orbiting Jupiter, the remains of a comet that had passed within Jupiter's Roche limit and had been torn apart by tidal forces.
Circumlunar mission and Earth reentry; technology demonstration to prepare for Chang'e 5 mission [451] Hayabusa2 / MASCOT: 3 December 2014 Asteroid lander and sample return (sample returned 5 December 2020), first asteroid rover [359] [452] [453] PROCYON: 3 December 2014 Comet observer and attempted asteroid flyby (engine failure) [454] DSCOVR ...
Vega mission description. The Vega program (Russian: Вега) was a series of Venus missions that also took advantage of the appearance of comet 1P/Halley in 1986. Vega 1 and Vega 2 were uncrewed spacecraft launched in a cooperative effort among the Soviet Union (who also provided the spacecraft and launch vehicle) and Austria, [1] Bulgaria, France, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic ...
The JPL mission designers planned multiple launches in each block, to maximize the engineering experience and scientific value of the mission and to assure at least one successful flight. [14] Total research, development, launch, and support costs for the Ranger series of spacecraft (Rangers 1 through 9) was approximately $170 million. [15]
To date, samples of Moon rock from Earth's Moon have been collected by robotic and crewed missions; the comet Wild 2 and the asteroids 25143 Itokawa, 162173 Ryugu, and 101955 Bennu have been visited by robotic spacecraft which returned samples to Earth; and samples of the solar wind have been returned by the robotic Genesis mission.