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Gondwana (/ ɡ ɒ n d ˈ w ɑː n ə /) [1] was a large landmass, sometimes referred to as a supercontinent. The remnants of Gondwana make up around two-thirds of today's continental area, including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, Zealandia, Arabia, and the Indian subcontinent.
The term Pan-African was coined by Kennedy 1964 for a tectono-thermal event at about 500 Ma when a series of mobile belts in Africa formed between much older African cratons. At the time, other terms were used for similar orogenic events on other continents, i.e. Brasiliano in South America; Adelaidean in Australia; and Beardmore in Antarctica.
Estimated start time Estimated end time Continent Pan-African orogeny.55 .55 Africa Damara orogeny.53 .5 Africa Kibaran orogeny: 1.4 1 Africa Eburnean orogeny: 2.2 2 Africa East African Orogeny.75 .55 Africa Mauritanide Orogeny.32 .27 Africa Mozambique Orogeny: 2.65 2.97 Africa Zambezi Orogeny.89 .53 Africa Napier orogeny: 4 Antarctica
Pannotia was centred on the South Pole, hence its name. Pannotia (from Greek: pan-, "all", -nótos, "south"; meaning "all southern land"), also known as the Vendian supercontinent, Greater Gondwana, and the Pan-African supercontinent, was a relatively short-lived Neoproterozoic supercontinent that formed at the end of the Precambrian during the Pan-African orogeny (650–500 Ma), during the ...
The notion that Gondwana was assembled during the Late Precambrian from two older fragments along the Pan-African Mozambique Belt was first proposed in the early 1980s. [3] A decade later this continental collision was named the East African Orogeny, but it was also realised that this was not the simple bringing together of two halves.
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The extreme cooling of the global climate around 717–635 Ma (the so-called Snowball Earth of the Cryogenian period) and the rapid evolution of primitive life during the subsequent Ediacaran and Cambrian periods are thought to have been triggered by the breaking up of Rodinia or to a slowing down of tectonic processes. [8]
There is evidence of glaciers during the Hirnantian on the land we now know as Africa and South America, which were near the South Pole at the time, facilitating the formation of the ice caps of the Hirnantian glaciation. As with North America and Europe, Gondwana was largely covered with shallow seas during the Ordovician. Shallow clear waters ...