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  2. Reflective surfaces (climate engineering) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_surfaces...

    It is expressed either as a decimal fraction or a percentage. A value of 0 indicates that the surface absorbs all solar radiation, and a value of 1 (or 100%) represents total reflectivity. Thermal emittance is the ability to emit absorbed heat. It is also expressed either as a decimal fraction between 0 and 1, or a percentage.

  3. Grade (slope) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)

    The San Francisco Municipal Railway operates bus service among the city's hills. The steepest grade for bus operations is 23.1% by the 67-Bernal Heights on Alabama Street between Ripley and Esmeralda Streets. [12] Likewise, the Pittsburgh Department of Engineering and Construction recorded a grade of 37% (20°) for Canton Avenue. [13]

  4. Mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics

    Al-Khwarizmi introduced systematic methods for transforming equations, such as moving a term from one side of an equation into the other side. [30] The term algebra is derived from the Arabic word al-jabr meaning 'the reunion of broken parts' that he used for naming one of these methods in the title of his main treatise. [31] [32]

  5. Tax - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax

    For example, if income is taxed on a formula of 5% from $0 up to $50,000, 10% from $50,000 to $100,000, and 15% over $100,000, a taxpayer with income of $175,000 would pay a total of $18,750 in taxes.

  6. Solar-cell efficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency

    Solar-cell efficiency is the portion of energy in the form of sunlight that can be converted via photovoltaics into electricity by the solar cell. The efficiency of the solar cells used in a photovoltaic system , in combination with latitude and climate, determines the annual energy output of the system.

  7. State tax levels in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_tax_levels_in_the...

    This table does not take into consideration the taxing and spending of local governments within states, which can vary widely, and sometimes disproportionately with state tax burdens. State government tax collections (2015)

  8. List of unusual units of measurement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unusual_units_of...

    [verification needed] Decimal time proposals are frequently used in fiction, often in futuristic works. In addition to decimal time, there also exist binary clocks and hexadecimal time. The Swatch Internet Time system is based on Decimal time. Many mechanical stopwatches are of the 'decimal minute' type. These split one minute into 100 units of ...

  9. List of sovereign states by tax revenue to GDP ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states...

    General; Tax avoidance. Repatriation tax avoidance; Tax evasion; Tax resistance; Tax shelter; Debtors' prison; Smuggling; Black market; Unreported employment; Corporate