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  2. List of integrals of exponential functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integrals_of...

    (Note that the value of the expression is independent of the value of n, which is why it does not appear in the integral.) ∫ x x ⋅ ⋅ x ⏟ m d x = ∑ n = 0 m ( − 1 ) n ( n + 1 ) n − 1 n !

  3. Exponential integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_integral

    Plot of the exponential integral function E n(z) with n=2 in the complex plane from -2-2i to 2+2i with colors created with Mathematica 13.1 function ComplexPlot3D In mathematics, the exponential integral Ei is a special function on the complex plane .

  4. Integration using Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_using_Euler's...

    In integral calculus, Euler's formula for complex numbers may be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions.Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms of complex exponential functions, namely and and then integrated.

  5. Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_formula

    Substituting r(cos θ + i sin θ) for e ix and equating real and imaginary parts in this formula gives ⁠ dr / dx ⁠ = 0 and ⁠ dθ / dx ⁠ = 1. Thus, r is a constant, and θ is x + C for some constant C. The initial values r(0) = 1 and θ(0) = 0 come from e 0i = 1, giving r = 1 and θ = x.

  6. List of integrals of trigonometric functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integrals_of...

    The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of trigonometric functions.For antiderivatives involving both exponential and trigonometric functions, see List of integrals of exponential functions.

  7. Exponential integrator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_integrator

    Exact integration of this problem from time 0 to a later time can be performed using matrix exponentials to define an integral equation for the exact solution: [3] u ( t ) = e L t u 0 + ∫ 0 t e L ( t − τ ) N ( u ( τ ) ) d τ .

  8. Characterizations of the exponential function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterizations_of_the...

    Definition (3) presents a problem because there are non-equivalent paths along which one could integrate; but the equation of (3) should hold for any such path modulo . As for definition (5), the additive property together with the complex derivative f ′ ( 0 ) = 1 {\displaystyle f'(0)=1} are sufficient to guarantee f ( x ) = e x ...

  9. Gaussian integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_integral

    A different technique, which goes back to Laplace (1812), [3] is the following. Let = =. Since the limits on s as y → ±∞ depend on the sign of x, it simplifies the calculation to use the fact that e −x 2 is an even function, and, therefore, the integral over all real numbers is just twice the integral from zero to infinity.