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Drugs during pregnancy and lactation: handbook of prescription drugs and comparative risk assessment. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-50763-1. Schaefer C, Peters PW, Miller RK, eds. (2011). Drugs during pregnancy and lactation: treatment options and risk assessment (2nd ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-054977-4.
Contraindicated in pregnancy: Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.
For most patients with epilepsy, the risk of passing the disease to a child is only slightly higher than the risk of a member of the general population having a child with epilepsy (1–2%). Specifically, the hereditary rates for patients with: Any type of epilepsy is 3.5–6%; Focal epilepsy is 1–5%; Generalized epilepsy is 6–8%. [5]
Data from studies conducted on women taking antiepileptic drugs for non-epileptic reasons, including depression and bipolar disorder, show that if high doses of the drugs are taken during the first trimester of pregnancy then there is the potential of an increased risk of congenital malformations.
Amygdalin (Laetrile) is a toxic drug that is not effective as a cancer treatment". Additionally, "No controlled clinical trials (trials that compare groups of patients who receive the new treatment to groups who do not) of laetrile have been reported." [24] The side effects of laetrile treatment are the symptoms of cyanide poisoning.
Exposure to recreational drugs. Alcohol: Use during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. [67] Tobacco use: During pregnancy, causes twice the risk of premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption and placenta previa. [68] Also, it increases the odds of the baby being born prematurely by 30%. [69]
Opioids can cross both the placental and blood-brain barriers, which poses risks to fetuses and newborns exposed to these drugs before birth. This exposure to opioids during pregnancy can lead to potential obstetric complications, including spontaneous abortion, abruption of the placenta, pre-eclampsia, prelabor rupture of membranes, and fetal death.
Fetal hydantoin syndrome, also called fetal dilantin syndrome, is a group of defects caused to the developing fetus by exposure to teratogenic effects of phenytoin. Dilantin is the brand name of the drug phenytoin sodium in the United States, commonly used in the treatment of epilepsy .