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1683: China conquers the Kingdom of Tungning and annexes Taiwan. 1683: The Ottoman Empire is defeated in the second Siege of Vienna. 1683-1699: The Great Turkish War leads to the conquest of most of Ottoman Hungary by the Habsburgs. 1685: Edict of Fontainebleau outlaws Protestantism in France. King Charles II dies.
150,000 as of 10 September 1683, [4] down from 170,000 at the start of the campaign, according to documents on the order of battle found in Kara Mustafa's tent. [5] [Note 1] – alternative estimates. Approximately 150 cannons [6] Viennese garrison: 11,000 soldiers [11] + 5,000 volunteers [11] 312 guns but only 141 operational [11] (strength on ...
Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683). For 18th-century historians studying the 14th and 15th centuries, the central theme was the Renaissance , with its rediscovery of ancient learning and the emergence of an ...
Intensive fighting began in 1683 and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. The war was a resounding defeat for the Ottoman Empire, which for the first time lost substantial territory, in Hungary and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as in part of the western Balkans.
Naturally, the Ottoman Wars in Europe attracted support from the West, where the advancing and powerful Islamic state was seen as a threat to Christendom in Europe. The Crusades of Nicopolis (1396) and of Varna (1443–44) marked the most determined attempts by Europe to halt the Turkic advance into Central Europe and the Balkans. [10]
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500–1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500). The first early European modern humans appear in the fossil record about 48,000 years ago, during the Paleolithic era.
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The War of the Reunions (1683–84) was a conflict between France, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, with limited involvement by Genoa.It can be seen as a continuation of the War of Devolution (1667–1668) and the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), which were driven by Louis XIV's determination to establish defensible boundaries along France's northern and eastern borders.