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[112] [113] For Augustine, the rebellion of Satan was the first and final cause of evil; thus, he rejected earlier teachings about Satan having fallen when the world was already created. [114] [115] In his Civitas Dei, he describes two cities (Civitates) distinct from and opposed to each other like light and darkness. [116]
Jesus' parable of the Sower (Mathew 13): the first two scenes of unproductive soil represent the devil and the flesh (not so much the world) birds eating the seed -- (Matthew 13:19) "When anyone hears the message about the kingdom and does not understand it, the evil one comes and snatches away what was sown in their heart";
In contrast, according to Yair Hoffman, the ancient books of the Hebrew Bible do not show an awareness of the theological problem of evil, and even most later biblical scholars did not touch the question of the problem of evil. [99] In the Bible, all characterizations of evil and suffering assert the view of "a God who is greater than suffering ...
Christians have traditionally interpreted the unnamed serpent in the Garden of Eden as Satan due to Revelation 12:7, which calls Satan "that ancient serpent". [111] [9] This verse, however, is probably intended to identify Satan with the Leviathan, [111] a monstrous sea-serpent whose destruction by Yahweh is prophesied in Isaiah 27:1. [108]
The title of satan is also applied to him in the midrash Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer, where he is the chief of the fallen angels, [7]: 257–60 and a twelve-winged seraph. [14] According to the text, Samael opposed the creation of Adam and descended to Earth to tempt him into evil.
Matthew 6:7–16 from the 1845 illuminated book of The Sermon on the Mount, designed by Owen Jones. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen. The English Standard Version translates the passage as:
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: Then the devil taketh him up into the holy city, and setteth him on a pinnacle of the temple, The World English Bible translates the passage as: Then the devil took him into the holy city. He set him on the pinnacle of the temple, The 1881 Westcott-Hort Greek text is:
The author is identified as "James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" (James 1:1). James (Jacob, Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, romanized: Ya'aqov, Ancient Greek: Ιάκωβος, romanized: Iakobos) was an extremely common name in antiquity, and a number of early Christian figures are named James, including: James the son of Zebedee, James the Less, James the son of Alphaeus, and James ...