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Aortic valve stenosis is a crescendo/decrescendo systolic murmur. It is best heard at the right upper sternal border (aortic area). It sometimes radiates to the carotid arteries. In mild aortic stenosis, the crescendo-decrescendo is early peaking. Whereas in severe aortic stenosis, the crescendo is late-peaking.
Aortic regurgitation (AR), also known as aortic insufficiency (AI), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle. As a consequence, the cardiac muscle is forced to work harder than normal.
De Musset's sign is a type of rhythmic bobbing of the head in synchrony with the beating of the heart, seen in severe aortic regurgitation. [1]This sign occurs as a result of blood from the aorta regurgitating into the left ventricle due to a defect in the aortic valve.
Patients with aortic regurgitation will have an early decrescendo diastolic murmur, caused by the blood flowing back through the valve. Since blood’s leaking back from the aorta into the left ventricle, the left ventricular blood volume increases which increases the stroke volume or the amount that the left ventricle pumps out during ...
The radiation is typically toward the apex. The configuration is usually decrescendo and has a blowing character. The presence of this murmur is a good positive predictor for AR and the absence of this murmur strongly suggests the absence of AR. An Austin Flint murmur is usually associated with significant aortic regurgitation. Early diastolic
The resultant configuration of this murmur is a crescendo-decrescendo murmur. Causes of midsystolic ejection murmurs include outflow obstruction, increased flow through normal semilunar valves, dilation of aortic root or pulmonary trunk, or structural changes in the semilunar valves without obstruction.
The murmur is louder during expiration but is also easily heard during inspiration. The more severe the degree of the stenosis, the later the peak occurs in the crescendo-decrescendo of the murmur. [33] The second heart sound (A 2) tends to become decreased and softer as the aortic stenosis becomes more severe. [24]
The presence of a murmur at the apex can be misinterpreted as mitral regurgitation. However, the apical murmur of the Gallavardin phenomenon does not radiate to the left axilla and is accentuated by a slowing of the heart rate (such as a compensatory pause after a premature beat) whereas the mitral regurgitation murmur does not change. [2]