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However, it is still possible for the message recipient to understand a message in a completely different way from what the encoder was trying to convey. This is when "distortions" or "misunderstandings" rise from "lack of equivalence" between the two sides in communicative exchange. [5] In his essay, [3] Hall compares two models of ...
The encoding specificity principle is the general principle that matching the encoding contexts of information at recall assists in the retrieval of episodic memories.It provides a framework for understanding how the conditions present while encoding information relate to memory and recall of that information.
The T5 encoder can be used as a text encoder, much like BERT. It encodes a text into a sequence of real-number vectors, which can be used for downstream applications. For example, Google Imagen [26] uses T5-XXL as text encoder, and the encoded text vectors are used as conditioning on a diffusion model.
Additional classifications of communication models have been suggested. The term encoding-decoding model is used for any model that includes the phases of encoding and decoding in its description of communication. Such models stress that to send information, a code is necessary. A code is a sign system used to express ideas and interpret messages.
A wide range of research methods are used in psychology. These methods vary by the sources from which information is obtained, how that information is sampled, and the types of instruments that are used in data collection. Methods also vary by whether they collect qualitative data, quantitative data or both.
Another method used to enhance encoding is to associate images with words. Gordon Bower and David Winzenz (1970) demonstrated the use of imagery and encoding in their research while using paired-associate learning. Researchers gave participants a list of 15-word-pairs, showing each participant the word pair for 5 seconds for each pair.
Three kinds of research make up most audience research: (1) broad surveys and opinion polls (like the famous Nielsen ratings, but also those done by advertisers and by academic researchers) that cover a representative sample of many consumers. (2) small, representative focus groups brought in to react to and discuss a pop culture text.
Shannon's diagram of a general communications system, showing the process by which a message sent becomes the message received (possibly corrupted by noise). seq2seq is an approach to machine translation (or more generally, sequence transduction) with roots in information theory, where communication is understood as an encode-transmit-decode process, and machine translation can be studied as a ...