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Iron deposition most commonly occurs in the liver, pancreas, skin, heart, and joints. People with iron overload classically present with the triad of liver cirrhosis, secondary diabetes mellitus, and bronze skin. [3] However, due to earlier detection nowadays, symptoms are often limited to general chronic malaise, arthralgia, and hepatomegaly. [3]
Due to the highly conjugated structure of porphyrins involving alternating single and double carbon bonds, these compounds exhibit a deep purple color, resulting in the discoloration observed in the skin. Excess alcohol intake decreases hepcidin production which leads to increased iron absorption from the gut and an increase in oxidative stress.
Herpes gladiatorum is a skin infection primarily caused by the herpes simplex virus. The virus infects the cells in the epidermal layer of the skin. The initial viral replication occurs at the entry site in the skin or mucous membrane. [7] The infections caused by a HSV Type 1 virus may be primary or recurrent. [8]
Intertrigo, commonly called “skin fold dermatitis”, refers to a type of inflammatory rash of the superficial skin that occurs within a person's body folds. [1] These areas are more susceptible to irritation and subsequent infection due to factors that promote skin breakdown such as moisture, friction, and exposure to bodily secretions and excreta such as sweat, urine, or feces. [2]
Miliaria, commonly known as heat rash, sweat rash, or prickly heat, [1] is a skin disease marked by small, itchy rashes due to sweat trapped under the skin by clogged sweat-gland ducts. Miliaria is a common ailment in hot and humid conditions, such as in the tropics and during the summer. [ 2 ]
Hemosiderin deposition in the liver is a common feature of hemochromatosis and is the cause of liver failure in the disease. Selective iron deposition in the beta cells of pancreatic islets leads to diabetes [4] [2] due to the distribution of transferrin receptor on the beta cells of islets [3] and in the skin leads to hyperpigmentation.
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Iron is stored in the liver, pancreas and heart. Long-term effects of haemochromatosis on these organs can be serious, even fatal when untreated. [22] Since the liver is a primary storage area for iron and naturally accumulates excess iron over time, it is likely to be damaged by iron overload.