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where U is the 4-velocity vector field of the fluid and where = (,,,) is the metric tensor of Minkowski spacetime. In time-positive metric signature tensor notation, the stress–energy tensor of a perfect fluid can be written in the form
The stress–energy tensor of a relativistic pressureless fluid can be written in the simple form T μ ν = ρ 0 U μ U ν . {\displaystyle T^{\mu \nu }=\rho _{0}U^{\mu }U^{\nu }.} Here, the world lines of the dust particles are the integral curves of the four-velocity U μ {\displaystyle U^{\mu }} and the matter density in dust's rest frame is ...
Let us assume a static, spherically symmetric perfect fluid. The metric components are similar to those for the Schwarzschild metric: [2] = = By the perfect fluid assumption, the stress-energy tensor is diagonal (in the central spherical coordinate system), with eigenvalues of energy density and pressure:
In general relativity, a fluid solution is an exact solution of the Einstein field equation in which the gravitational field is produced entirely by the mass, momentum, and stress density of a fluid. In astrophysics , fluid solutions are often employed as stellar models , since a perfect gas can be thought of as a special case of a perfect fluid.
But if one requires an exact solution or a solution describing strong fields, the evolution of both the metric and the stress–energy tensor must be solved for at once. To obtain solutions, the relevant equations are the above quoted EFE (in either form) plus the continuity equation (to determine the evolution of the stress–energy tensor):
The stress–energy tensor, sometimes called the stress–energy–momentum tensor or the energy–momentum tensor, is a tensor physical quantity that describes the density and flux of energy and momentum in spacetime, generalizing the stress tensor of Newtonian physics. It is an attribute of matter, radiation, and non-gravitational force fields.
One can fix the form of the stress–energy tensor (from some physical reasons, say) and study the solutions of the Einstein equations with such right hand side (for example, if the stress–energy tensor is chosen to be that of the perfect fluid, a spherically symmetric solution can serve as a stellar model)
Inserting this metric into Einstein's field equations relate the evolution of this scale factor to the pressure and energy of the matter in the universe. With the stress–energy tensor for a perfect fluid, results in the equations are described below. [4]: 73
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