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Zebu oxen in Mumbai, India Ploughing with Oxen by George H. Harvey, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1881 Oxen used for plowing, 2013 Boy on an ox-drawn cart in Niger Ox skull. An ox (pl.: oxen), also known as a bullock (in British, Australian, and Indian English), [1] is a large bovine, trained and used as a draft animal.
Oxen are slow but strong, and have been used in a yoke since ancient times: the earliest surviving vehicle, Puabi's Sumerian sledge, was ox-drawn; an acre was originally defined as the area a span of oxen could plow in a day.
As land was normally ploughed by a team of eight oxen, an oxgang was thus one eighth the size of a ploughland or carucate. Although these areas were not fixed in size and varied from one village to another, an oxgang averaged 15 acres (6.1 ha), and a ploughland or carucate 100–120 acres (40–49 ha). [ 3 ]
Traditional ploughing: a farmer works the land with horses and plough in the UK Water buffalo used for ploughing in Laos. A plough or plow (both pronounced / p l aʊ /) is a farm tool for loosening or turning the soil before sowing seed or planting. [1] Ploughs were traditionally drawn by oxen and horses but modern ploughs are drawn by tractors.
The goad is a traditional farming implement, used to spur or guide livestock, usually oxen, which are pulling a plow or a cart; used also to round up cattle. It is a type of long stick with a pointed end, also known as the cattle prod. The word is from Middle English gode, from Old English gād.
A medieval plow. Plow horses. The lead horse has a breast collar; the rear horse wears a horsecollar. The most important technical innovation for agriculture in the Middle Ages was the widespread adoption around 1000 of the mouldboard plow and its close relative, the heavy plow. These two plows enabled medieval farmers to exploit the fertile ...
The carruca or caruca was a kind of heavy plow important to medieval agriculture in Northern Europe. The carruca used a heavy iron plowshare to turn heavy soil and may have required a team of eight oxen. The carruca also bore a coulter and moldboard. It gave its name to the English carucate.
A carucate was the amount of land tillable by a team of eight oxen in a ploughing season. This was equal to 8 oxgangs or 4 virgates. The carucate or carrucate (Medieval Latin: carrūcāta or carūcāta) [1] was a medieval unit of land area approximating the land a plough team of eight oxen could till in a single annual season. It was known by ...