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The following disorders are additional conditions that may be detected by screening. Many are listed as "secondary targets" by the 2005 ACMG report. [1] Some states are now screening for more than 50 congenital conditions. Many of these are rare and unfamiliar to pediatricians and other primary health care professionals. [1] Blood cell disorders
Thalassemia results in nontransferrin-bound iron being available in blood as all the transferrin becomes fully saturated. This free iron is toxic to the body since it catalyzes reactions that generate free hydroxyl radicals. [6] These radicals may induce lipid peroxidation of organelles like lysosomes, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic membranes.
β thalassemia major (Mediterranean anemia or Cooley anemia) is caused by a β o /β o genotype. No functional β chains are produced, and thus no hemoglobin A can be assembled. This is the most severe form of β-thalassemia. β thalassemia intermedia is caused by a β + /β o or β + /β + genotype. In this form, some hemoglobin A is produced.
The treatment was approved in the United Kingdom for the treatment of sickle cell disease and transfusion-dependent beta thalassemia in November 2023. [10] [11] [12] It was approved in the United States for the treatment of sickle cell disease in December 2023 and for the treatment of transfusion-dependent beta thalassemia in January 2024. [13 ...
Beta-thalassemia (β-thalassemia) is an inherited blood disorder, and a form of thalassemia resulting in variable outcomes ranging from severe anemia to clinically asymptomatic individuals. It is caused by reduced or absent synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin , the molecule that carries oxygen in the blood. [ 5 ]
Alpha-thalassemia (α-thalassemia, α-thalassaemia) is an inherited blood disorder and a form of thalassemia. Thalassemias are a group of inherited blood conditions which result in the impaired production of hemoglobin , the molecule that carries oxygen in the blood. [ 4 ]
The majority of hemoglobin variants do not cause disease and are most commonly discovered either incidentally or through newborn screening. Hb variants can usually be detected by protein-based assay methods such as electrophoresis , [ 15 ] isoelectric focusing , [ 16 ] or high-performance liquid chromatography . [ 17 ]
Prenatal testing is a tool that can be used to detect some birth defects at various stages prior to birth. Prenatal testing consists of prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis, which are aspects of prenatal care that focus on detecting problems with the pregnancy as early as possible. [1]