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By 1960, half of the African Americans in the South lived in urban areas, [13] and by 1970, more than 80% of African Americans nationwide lived in cities. [14] In 1991, Nicholas Lemann wrote: The Great Migration was one of the largest and most rapid mass internal movements in history—perhaps the greatest not caused by the immediate threat of ...
First African-American broadcast network news anchor: Max Robinson; First African-American woman pilot for a major commercial airline: Jill E. Brown, Texas International Airlines [270] First African-American woman to advance to the rank of captain in the Navy: Joan C. Bynum [271]
During the American Revolution of 1776–1783, enslaved African Americans in the South escaped to British lines as they were promised freedom to fight with the British; additionally, many free blacks in the North fight with the colonists for the rebellion, and the Vermont Republic (a sovereign nation at the time) becomes the first future state ...
Most African American units were relegated to support roles and did not see combat. Still, African Americans played a significant role in America's war effort. Four African American regiments were integrated into French units because the French suffered heavy losses and badly needed men after three years of a terrible war.
W.E.B Du Bois urged his fellow African Americans to "join shoulder to shoulder with our fellow citizens and the allied nations that are fighting for democracy". [65] This was done because African Americans saw the war effort as an opportunity to prove their patriotism and loyalty to the United States.
The United States became more anti-immigration in outlook during this period. The American Immigration Act of 1924 limited immigration from countries where 2% of the total U.S. population, per the 1890 census (not counting African Americans), were immigrants from that country. Thus, the massive influx of Europeans that had come to America ...
Graph showing the percentage of the African American population living in the American South, 1790–2010. First and Second Great Migrations shown through changes in African American share of population in major U.S. cities, 1916–1930 and 1940–1970
Shortly after the American Civil War, some states started to pass their own immigration laws, which prompted the U.S. Supreme Court to rule in 1875 that immigration was a federal responsibility. [50] In 1875, the nation passed its first immigration law, the Page Act of 1875 , also known as the Asian Exclusion Act.