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Dyslexia is a common language-based learning disability. Dyslexia can affect reading fluency, decoding, reading comprehension, recall, writing, spelling, and sometimes speech and can exist along with other related disorders. [15] The greatest difficult those with the disorder have is with spoken and the written word.
Children with persistent gender dysphoria are characterized by more extreme gender dysphoria in childhood than children with desisting gender dysphoria. [1] Some (but not all) gender variant youth will want or need to transition, which may involve social transition (changing dress, name, pronoun), and, for older youth and adolescents, medical transition (hormone therapy or surgery).
Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder (DSM-IV 315.32) [1] is a communication disorder in which both the receptive and expressive areas of communication may be affected in any degree, from mild to severe. [2] Children with this disorder have difficulty understanding words and sentences.
The term developmental language disorder (DLD) was endorsed in a consensus study involving a panel of experts (CATALISE Consortium) in 2017. [3] The study was conducted in response to concerns that a wide range of terminology was used in this area, with the consequence that there was poor communication, lack of public recognition, and in some cases children were denied access to services.
A 2020 study estimated that as many as 2.9 million children and adolescents in North America have nonverbal learning disability, or NVLD, which affects a person’s spatial-visual skills.
Nonverbal learning disabilities, however, “really impact some of those non-verbal skills” such as “reading body language, reading social cues, all of the non-language areas, non-linguistic ...
Language disorders can affect both spoken and written language, [1] and can also affect sign language; typically, all forms of language will be impaired. Current data indicates that 7% of young children display language disorder, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] with boys being diagnosed twice as often as girls.
These disorders comprise developmental language disorder, learning disorders, developmental coordination disorders, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). [2] In broader definitions, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is included, and the term used is neurodevelopmental disorders. [1]