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The Black Codes, sometimes called the Black Laws, were laws which governed the conduct of African Americans (both free and freedmen).In 1832, James Kent wrote that "in most of the United States, there is a distinction in respect to political privileges, between free white persons and free colored persons of African blood; and in no part of the country do the latter, in point of fact ...
On May 12, 1866, Mayor John T. Monroe, a Democrat who had ardently supported the Confederacy, was reinstated as acting mayor, the position he held before the war. Judge R. K. Howell was elected as chairman of the convention, with the goal of increasing participation by voters likely to vote for removal of the Black Codes. [9]
Southern states pass Black Codes that restrict the freedmen, who were emancipated but not yet full citizens. [citation needed] 1866. April 9 – The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is passed by Congress over Johnson's presidential veto. All persons born in the United States are now citizens. [citation needed]
Slave Codes (1685–1865) - Series of laws limiting legal rights of slaves. Included establishment of slave patrols, limitations on freedom of movement, anti-literacy regulation, restrictions on commerce, and punishments for other infractions. South Carolina slave codes (1685) - modeled on slave codes in Barbados and Jamaica. Virginia Slave ...
Black males in the Northern states could vote, but the majority of African Americans lived in the South. [18] [19] Women in Utah get the right to vote. [24] 1875. Minor v. Happersett goes to the Supreme Court, where it is decided that suffrage is not a right of citizenship and women do not necessarily have the right to vote. [25] 1876
The first black person known to vote after the amendment's adoption was Thomas Mundy Peterson, who cast his ballot on March 31, 1870, in a Perth Amboy, New Jersey, referendum election adopting a revised city charter. [44] African Americans—many of them newly freed slaves—put their newfound freedom to use, voting in scores of black candidates.
Within months of the bill's passage, 250,000 new black voters had been registered, one-third of them by federal examiners. Within four years, voter registration in the South had more than doubled. In 1965, Mississippi had the highest black voter turnout at 74% and led the nation in the number of black public officials elected.
The Freedmen's Bureau continued to struggle to protect the remaining residents. By 1870, the black population had declined by one-quarter from 1865, to about 15,000, [58] out of a total city population of more than 40,000. [8] The black community continued to resist; on May 22, 1866, dock workers at the river held a strike and marched for ...