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Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is the application of ultrasound contrast medium to traditional medical sonography. Ultrasound contrast agents rely on the different ways in which sound waves are reflected from interfaces between substances. This may be the surface of a small air bubble or a more complex structure.
A meta-analysis found that ultrasound therapy is effective in reducing pain, increasing ROM, and reducing WOMAC functional scores in patients with knee osteoarthritis. [7] There are three potential therapeutic mechanisms of ultrasound in physical therapy. The first is the increase in blood flow in the treated area.
The sign is an imaging finding using a 3.5–7.5 MHz ultrasound probe in the fourth and fifth intercostal spaces in the anterior clavicular line using the M-Mode of the machine. This finding is seen in the M-mode tracing as pleura and lung being indistinguishable as linear hyperechogenic lines and is fairly reliable for diagnosis of a pneumothorax.
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a technology that can be used for therapeutic purposes. It exploits low intensity and pulsed mechanical waves in order to induce regenerative and anti-inflammatory effects on biological tissues, such as bone, [ 1 ] cartilage, and tendon. [ 2 ]
Medical ultrasound includes diagnostic techniques (mainly imaging techniques) using ultrasound, as well as therapeutic applications of ultrasound. In diagnosis, it is used to create an image of internal body structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, blood vessels, and internal organs, to measure some characteristics (e.g., distances and velocities) or to generate an informative audible sound.
Patients are usually fitted with Class 3 (30-40mmHg) graduated compression stockings and/or bandages for up to 12 hours weeks. Duplex ultrasound is used during follow-up to assess the success of treatment, if there is a need for additional sclerotherapy or any deep vein thrombosis that has formed as an EHIT secondary to procedure.
These techniques are known as Magnetic Resonance guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery (MRgFUS) [32] [33] and Ultrasound guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery (USgFUS) respectively. [ 1 ] [ 34 ] MRgFUS is a 3D imaging technique which features high soft tissue contrast and provides information about temperature, thus allowing to monitor ablation.
Image-guided surgery was originally developed for treatment of brain tumors using stereotactic surgery and radiosurgery that are guided by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) via technologies such as the N-localizer [11] and Sturm-Pastyr localizer.