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William E. Cross Jr. (1940 - December 5, 2024) was a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [1] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991.
Nigrescence is a word with a Latin origin. It describes a process of becoming Black or developing a racial identity. Nigrescence extends through history and impacts those victimized by racism and white supremacy. Recent psychological adaptations instigated identity formation for persons of African American descent.
The White Racial Identity Model was developed by an African American psychologist, Janet Helms in 1992. [3] It is a racial and ethnic identity model created specifically for people who identify as White. This theory, heavily influenced by William Cross, has become a widely referenced and studied theory on White racial identity development. [4]
In practice, Black psychology exists as both an academic and applied discipline, which focuses on furthering the well-being of people of African descent through more accurate knowledge. [ 1 ] [ 6 ] Based on different definitional systems, developments in Black psychology tend to utilize a range of approaches.
Individuals can repeat phases as new environmental contexts occur, and development in one process can influence development in the other. For the group membership identity process, Fassinger offers specific markers for the demonstration of each phase: Awareness of the existence of people with different sexual orientations
Beverly J. Vandiver is an American psychologist who is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Black Psychology, director of Quantitative Methodology Center in the Office of Research, Innovation, and Collaboration, and professor of Human Development and Family Sciences in the Department of Human Sciences at Ohio State University, focusing on measurement and scale development and Black racial ...
The nursing care plan (NCP) is a clinical document recording the nursing process, which is a systematic method of planning and providing care to clients. [6] It was originally developed in hospitals to guide nursing students or junior nurses in providing care to client; however, the format was task-oriened rather than nursing-process-based. [8]
The Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model was proposed in 1968 by Richard C. Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. This model illustrates their theory of the human memory. These two theorists used this model to show that the human memory can be broken in to three sub-sections: Sensory Memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. [9]