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The Gram–Schmidt process can be stabilized by a small modification; this version is sometimes referred to as modified Gram-Schmidt or MGS. This approach gives the same result as the original formula in exact arithmetic and introduces smaller errors in finite-precision arithmetic.
We could use an orthogonal projection (Gram-Schmidt) but this will be numerically unstable if the vectors and are close to orthogonal. Instead, the Householder reflection reflects through the dotted line (chosen to bisect the angle between x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } and e 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {e} _{1}} ).
1 Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization process. Toggle the table of contents. Wikipedia: Featured picture candidates/Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization process. Add languages.
In other words, the sequence is obtained from the sequence of monomials 1, x, x 2, … by the Gram–Schmidt process with respect to this inner product. Usually the sequence is required to be orthonormal , namely, P n , P n = 1 , {\displaystyle \langle P_{n},P_{n}\rangle =1,} however, other normalisations are sometimes used.
In linear algebra, the Schmidt decomposition (named after its originator Erhard Schmidt) refers to a particular way of expressing a vector in the tensor product of two inner product spaces. It has numerous applications in quantum information theory , for example in entanglement characterization and in state purification , and plasticity .
Magma as the functions LLL and LLLGram (taking a gram matrix) Maple as the function IntegerRelations[LLL] Mathematica as the function LatticeReduce; Number Theory Library (NTL) as the function LLL; PARI/GP as the function qflll; Pymatgen as the function analysis.get_lll_reduced_lattice; SageMath as the method LLL driven by fpLLL and NTL
The Gram matrix is symmetric in the case the inner product is real-valued; it is Hermitian in the general, complex case by definition of an inner product. The Gram matrix is positive semidefinite, and every positive semidefinite matrix is the Gramian matrix for some set of vectors. The fact that the Gramian matrix is positive-semidefinite can ...
Jørgen Pedersen Gram (27 June 1850 – 29 April 1916) was a Danish actuary and mathematician who was born in Nustrup, Duchy of Schleswig, Denmark and died in Copenhagen, Denmark. Important papers of his include On series expansions determined by the methods of least squares , and Investigations of the number of primes less than a given number .