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Syringe on left, hypodermic needle with attached colour coded Luer-Lock connector on right Hypodermic needle features. A hypodermic needle (from Greek ὑπο- (hypo-= under), and δέρμα (derma = skin)) is a very thin, hollow tube with one sharp tip. It is one of a category of medical tools which enter the skin, called sharps. [1]
Through many millennia, various suture materials were used or proposed. Needles were made of bone or metals such as silver, copper, and aluminium bronze wire. Sutures were made of plant materials (flax, hemp and cotton) or animal material (hair, tendons, arteries, muscle strips and nerves, silk, and catgut). [citation needed]
Illustration of Rynd's hypodermic needle shown at F of Fig. 1. In a 12 March 1845 article in the Dublin Medical Press, Rynd outlined how he had injected painkillers into a patient with a hypodermic syringe in on 3 June 1844: [6] [7]
Measuring 3 cm (1.18 in) long and 5 mm (0.2 in) in diameter, his syringe was entirely in silver, [2] made by Établissements Charrière, and operated by a screw (rather than the plunger familiar today) to control the amount of substance injected. The Scottish doctor Alexander Wood invented the syringe as used today - also in 1853. Wood's device ...
The Western Medical Tradition: 800 BC to AD 1800 (1995); excerpt and text search. Bynum, W.F. et al. The Western Medical Tradition: 1800–2000 (2006) excerpt and text search; Loudon, Irvine, ed. Western Medicine: An Illustrated History (1997) online Archived 26 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine; McGrew, Roderick. Encyclopedia of Medical ...
Egypt-born Jewish physician Isaac Israeli ben Solomon (832–892) also left many medical works written in Arabic that were translated and adopted by European universities in the early 13th century. The Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (c. 865–925) advanced experimental medicine, pioneering ophthalmology and founding pediatrics.
Coleman Schneider’s Machine Made Embroideries [5] gives a detailed history of the machines in English. He explains basic machine operation, describes many of the stitches and techniques used, and describes the textiles and yarns that were used. It provides details about design, card punching and the various manufacturer's punch card formats.
1859 – Wilhelm Barfuss improves on Redgates machine, called Raschel machines (named after the French actress Élisabeth Félice Rachel). 1864 – William Cotton patents the straight bar knitting machine named after him ("Cotton machine"). 1865 – The American Isaac Wixom Lamb patents the flat knitting machine using latch needles.