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Supplementing these are two consonants that are internal developments in specific word-medial contexts, [21] and seven consonants originally found in loan words, whose expression is dependent on factors such as status (class, education, etc.) and cultural register (Modern Standard Hindi vs Urdu).
Sibilant aspiration: The sibilant s becomes h in cluster with stronger sounds (nasals or stops) before further assimilations. Loss of word-final consonants: Final nasals n and m become the anusvara ṃ. The final sequence -aḥ, which already has the variant -ō in sandhi, becomes -ō. Elsewhere, the final consonant is lost without a trace.
In Devanagari and many other Indic scripts, a virama is used to cancel the inherent vowel of a consonant letter and represent a consonant without a vowel, a "dead" consonant. For example, in Devanagari, क is a consonant letter, ka, ् is a virāma; therefore, क् (ka + virāma) represents a dead consonant k.
Epenthesis arises for a variety of reasons. The phonotactics of a given language may discourage vowels in hiatus or consonant clusters, and a consonant or vowel may be added to help pronunciation. Epenthesis may be represented in writing, or it may be a feature only of the spoken language.
In linguistics, a consonant cluster, consonant sequence or consonant compound, is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups /spl/ and /ts/ are consonant clusters in the word splits. In the education field it is variously called a consonant cluster or a consonant blend. [1] [2]
Hindi: Mahābhārat, Rāmāyaṇ, Śiv, Sāmved; Some words may keep the final a, generally because they would be difficult to say without it: Krishna, Vajra, Maurya; Because of this, some words ending in consonant clusters are altered in various modern Indic languages as such: Mantra=mantar. Shabda=shabad. Sushumna=sushumana.
Native words typically use the basic consonant and native speakers know to suppress the vowel when it is conventional to do so. For example, the native Hindi word karnā is written करना (ka-ra-nā). [60] The government of these clusters ranges from widely to narrowly applicable rules, with special exceptions within.
Bengali deletes this vowel at the end when not ending in a consonant cluster but sometimes retains this vowel at the medial position. The consonant clusters at the end of a word usually follows a close-mid back rounded vowel or [o]. For example, the Sanskrit word पथ (/pɐt̪ʰɐ/, way) corresponds to the Bengali word পথ /pɔt̪ʰ ...