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This reaction is similar to nucleophilic aliphatic substitution where the reactant is a nucleophile rather than an electrophile. The four possible electrophilic aliphatic substitution reaction mechanisms are S E 1, S E 2(front), S E 2(back) and S E i (Substitution Electrophilic), which are also similar to the nucleophile counterparts S N 1 and ...
A hydrogen on the α position of a carbonyl compound is weakly acidic and can be removed by a strong base to yield an enolate ion. In comparing acetone (pK a = 19.3) with ethane (pK a = 60), for instance, the presence of a neighboring carbonyl group increases the acidity of the ketone over the alkane by a factor of 10 40.
The Schiff base is an electrophile which reacts in a second step in an electrophilic addition with an enol formed from a carbonyl compound containing an acidic alpha-proton. The Mannich reaction is a condensation reaction. [4]: 140 In the Mannich reaction, primary or secondary amines or ammonia react with formaldehyde to form a Schiff base ...
For example, the reaction of HCl with ethylene furnishes chloroethane. The reaction proceeds with a cation intermediate, being different from the above halogen addition. An example is shown below: Proton (H +) adds (by working as an electrophile) to one of the carbon atoms on the alkene to form cation 1.
In organic chemistry, an electrophilic addition (A E) reaction is an addition reaction where a chemical compound containing a double or triple bond has a π bond broken, with the formation of two new σ bonds. [1] The driving force for this reaction is the formation of an electrophile X + that forms a covalent bond with an electron-rich ...
In organic chemistry, an azo coupling is an reaction between a diazonium compound (R−N≡N +) and another aromatic compound that produces an azo compound (R−N=N−R’).In this electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, the aryldiazonium cation is the electrophile, and the activated carbon (usually from an arene, which is called coupling agent), serves as a nucleophile.
However, another effect that plays a role is the +M effect which adds electron density back into the benzene ring (thus having the opposite effect of the -I effect but by a different mechanism). This is called the mesomeric effect (hence +M) and the result for fluorine is that the +M effect approximately cancels out the -I effect.
The reaction mechanism for chlorination of benzene is the same as bromination of benzene. Iron(III) bromide and iron(III) chloride become inactivated if they react with water, including moisture in the air. Therefore, they are generated by adding iron filings to bromine or chlorine. Here is the mechanism of this reaction: