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In Europe, the standard temperature is most commonly defined as 0 °C, but not always. In the United States, the EPA defines standard conditions for volume and volumetric flow as a temperature of 293 K (68 °F) and a pressure of 101.3 kilopascals (29.92 in. Hg), [1] although various industry users may use definitions from 60 °F to 78 °F.
Actual cubic feet per minute (ACFM) is a unit of volumetric flow. It is commonly used by manufacturers of blowers and compressors. [1] This is the actual gas delivery with reference to inlet conditions, whereas cubic foot per minute (CFM) is an unqualified term and should only be used in general and never accepted as a specific definition without explanation.
An actual volume can be converted to a standard volume using the following equation: [6] [7] V s = V a × F p × F t × (F pv) 2. Where, V s: standard volume V a: actual volume (sometimes shown as V r for registered volume) F p: pressure factor (sometimes shown as P m for pressure multiplier)
The molar volume of gases around STP and at atmospheric pressure can be calculated with an accuracy that is usually sufficient by using the ideal gas law. The molar volume of any ideal gas may be calculated at various standard reference conditions as shown below: V m = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm 3 /mol at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
References will be made to "actual" flow rate through a meter and "standard" or "base" flow rate through a meter with units such as acm/h (actual cubic meters per hour), sm 3 /sec (standard cubic meters per second), kscm/h (thousand standard cubic meters per hour), LFM (linear feet per minute), or MMSCFD (million standard cubic feet per day).
Therefore, gas volume may alternatively be expressed excluding the humidity content: V d (volume dry). This fraction more accurately follows the ideal gas law. On the contrary, V s (volume saturated) is the volume a gas mixture would have if humidity was added to it until saturation (or 100% relative humidity).
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Flux F through a surface, dS is the differential vector area element, n is the unit normal to the surface. Left: No flux passes in the surface, the maximum amount flows normal to the surface.