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A Jablonski diagram showing the excitation of molecule A to its singlet excited state (1 A*) followed by intersystem crossing to the triplet state (3 A) that relaxes to the ground state by phosphorescence. It was used to describe absorption and emission of light by fluorescents.
Intersystem crossing (ISC) is an isoenergetic radiationless process involving a transition between the two electronic states with different spin multiplicity. [ 1 ] Excited electrons can undergo intersystem crossing to a degenerate state with a different spin multiplicity.
Jablonski diagram indicating intersystem crossing (left) and internal conversion (right). Internal conversion is a transition from a higher to a lower electronic state in a molecule or atom. [1] It is sometimes called "radiationless de-excitation", because no photons are emitted.
A Jablonski diagram describing the sensitization process in triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion. The sensitizer first absorbs light and reaches its first singlet excited state (S 1). The sensitizer S 1 state undergoes intersystem crossing (ISC) to the triplet excited state (T 1).
Jablonski diagram illustrating the electronic states accessible during photoexcitation. Note: ISC stands for Intersystem Crossing. E 0,0 is a measurement of the energy gap between the ground state and the lowest energy triplet state. This parameter is proportional to the phosphorescence wavelength and is used to compute the redox potentials of ...
The re-emitted photon in this case is said to be red shifted, referring to the reduced energy it carries following this loss (as the Jablonski diagram shows). For phosphorescence, electrons which absorbed photons, undergo intersystem crossing where they enter into a state with altered spin multiplicity (see term symbol), usually a triplet state ...
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Thus, triplet states generally have longer lifetimes than singlet states. These transitions are usually summarized in a state energy diagram or Jablonski diagram, the paradigm of molecular photochemistry. These excited species, either S 1 or T 1, have a half-empty low-energy orbital, and are consequently more oxidizing than the ground state.