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Stunted growth, also known as stunting or linear growth failure, is defined as impaired growth and development manifested by low height-for-age. [1] It is a manifestation of malnutrition (undernutrition) and can be caused by endogenous factors (such as chronic food insecurity) or exogenous factors (such as parasitic infection ).
Linear growth is a complex process regulated by the growth hormone (GH) – insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, the thyroxine/triiodothyronine axis, androgens, estrogens, vitamin D, glucocorticoids and possibly leptin. [25] GH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to hypothalamic, pituitary and circulating factors.
Examples of cases where stretch marks are common include weight gain (in the form of fat and/or muscle), pregnancy, and adolescent growth spurts, though it is also noted that some medications, as well as other medical conditions and diseases, may increase the likelihood of stretch marks appearing.
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a disorder in which the spine starts abnormally curving sideways between the ages of 10–18 years old. [1] [2] [3] Generally, AIS occurs during the growth spurt associated with adolescence.
The goals of short-term hormone therapy are to induce the beginning of sexual development and induce a growth spurt, but it should be limited to children with severe distress or anxiety secondary to their delayed puberty. [2] [7] Bone age must be monitored frequently to prevent precocious closure of the bone plates, thereby stunting growth. [7]
Meaning Origin language and etymology Example(s) capill-of or pertaining to hair Latin capillus, hair capillus: capit-pertaining to the head as a whole Latin caput, capit-, the head capitation, decapitation carcin-cancer: Greek καρκίνος (karkínos), crab carcinoma: cardi-of or pertaining to the heart: Greek καρδία (kardía), heart ...
The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. [ 37 ] : 55–56 Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females.
Changes related to physical growth: When youth athletes have growth spurts during puberty, they have a higher risk of injuries, including broken bones or a condition such as Osgood–Schlatter disease. [2] [10] [8] A growth spurt can also cause temporary reduction in coordination, which can cause a young athlete to lose confidence and self ...