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According to Light's criteria (Light, et al. 1972), a pleural effusion is likely exudative if at least one of the following exists: [31] The ratio of pleural fluid protein to serum protein is greater than 0.5; The ratio of pleural fluid LDH and serum LDH is greater than 0.6; Pleural fluid LDH is greater than 0.6 [24] or 2 ⁄ 3 [31] times the ...
The criteria for a complicated parapneumonic effusion include Gram stain–positive or culture-positive pleural fluid, pleural fluid pH <7.20, and pleural fluid LDH that is greater than three times the upper limit of normal of serum LDH. [2] Diagnostic techniques available include plain film chest x-ray, computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound ...
The usual criterion (included in Light's criteria) is that a ratio of pleural LDH to serum LDH greater than 0.6 [33] or 2 ⁄ 3 the upper limit of the normal laboratory value for serum LDH [34] indicates an exudate, while a ratio of less indicates a transudate.
Data from a meta-analysis has shown that a pleural fluid pH of <7.2 is the most powerful indicator to predict the need for chest tube drainage in patients with non-purulent, culture negative fluid. [ 16 ]
The pleural fluid is most often straw-colored, and it has a distinct smell like ammonia. The fluid usually has a nucleated cell count between 50 and 1500 per cm 3. [4] The pH of the fluid is usually between 5 and 7. [9] Primary factors for diagnosing urinothorax by pleural fluid include low protein and high lactate dehydrogenase content. [10]
The fluid is a transudate and similar to fluid found in ascites. [4] There may be a higher protein and albumin content in hepatic hydrothorax due to the pleura absorbing the water. [5] To rule out heart-related causes of pleural effusion, an echocardiogram can be performed.
Thoracentesis / ˌ θ ɔː r ə s ɪ n ˈ t iː s ɪ s /, also known as thoracocentesis (from Greek θώραξ (thōrax, GEN thōrakos) 'chest, thorax' and κέντησις (kentēsis) 'pricking, puncture'), pleural tap, needle thoracostomy, or needle decompression (often used term), is an invasive medical procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic ...
A subpulmonic effusion is excess fluid that collects at the base of the lung, in the space between the pleura and diaphragm. It is a type of pleural effusion in which the fluid collects in this particular space but can be "layered out" with decubitus chest radiographs.