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It has a chemical composition of 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium, 0.25% (maximum) iron, 0.2% (maximum) oxygen, and the remainder titanium. [19] It is significantly stronger than commercially pure titanium (grades 1-4) while having the same stiffness and thermal properties (excluding thermal conductivity, which is about 60% lower in Grade 5 Ti than in ...
Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element (ferro-titanium) to reduce grain size and as a deoxidizer, and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content. [11] Titanium is often alloyed with aluminium (to refine grain size), vanadium , copper (to harden), iron , manganese , molybdenum , and other metals. [ 96 ]
Researches created an alloy with the strength of steel and the lightness of titanium alloy. It combined iron, aluminum, carbon, manganese, and nickel. The other ingredient was uniformly distributed nanometer-sized B2 intermetallic (two metals with equal numbers of atoms) particles. The use of nickel team avoided problems with earlier attempts ...
Steels with relatively high titanium content include interstitial-free, stainless and high-strength low-alloy steels. Ferrotitanium is usually produced by induction melting of titanium scrap with iron or steel; however, it also is produced directly from titanium mineral concentrates. The standard grades of ferrotitanium are 30% and 70% titanium.
This produces steel that is much stronger than full-annealed steel, and much tougher than tempered quenched steel. However, added toughness is sometimes needed at a reduction in strength. Tempering provides a way to carefully decrease the hardness of the steel, thereby increasing the toughness to a more desirable point.
Hiduminium or R.R. alloys (2% copper, iron, nickel): used in aircraft pistons Hydronalium (up to 12% magnesium, 1% manganese): used in shipbuilding, resists seawater corrosion Italma (3.5% magnesium, 0.3% manganese): formerly used to make coinage of the Italian lira
Bronze was an extremely useful alloy to the ancients, because it is much stronger and harder than either of its components. Steel was another common alloy. However, in ancient times, it could only be created as an accidental byproduct from the heating of iron ore in fires during the manufacture of iron.