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The Mariner program began in 1960 with a series of JPL mission studies for small-scale, frequent exploration of the nearest planets. They were to take advantage of the soon-to-be-available Atlas launch vehicles as well as the developing capability of JPL's Deep Space Instrumentation Facility (later named the Deep Space Network), a global network of ground stations designed to communicate with ...
Mariner 6 and 7 infrared radiometer observations helped to trigger a scientific revolution in Mars knowledge. [13] [14] The Mariner 6 and 7 infrared radiometer results showed that the atmosphere of Mars is composed mostly of carbon dioxide (CO 2), and they were also able to detect trace amounts of water on the surface of Mars. [13]
Mariner 1, built to conduct the first American planetary flyby of Venus, was the first spacecraft of NASA's interplanetary Mariner program.Developed by Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and originally planned to be a purpose-built probe launched summer 1962, Mariner 1's design was changed when the Centaur proved unavailable at that early date.
Mariner 9 (Mariner Mars '71 / Mariner-I) was a robotic spacecraft that contributed greatly to the exploration of Mars and was part of the NASA Mariner program.Mariner 9 was launched toward Mars on May 30, 1971, [2] [3] from LC-36B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, and reached the planet on November 14 of the same year, [2] [3] becoming the first spacecraft to orbit another planet ...
Pages in category "Mariner program" The following 15 pages are in this category, out of 15 total. ... Mariner Jupiter-Saturn probe This page was last ...
Mariner 5 (Mariner V or Mariner Venus 1967) was a spacecraft of the Mariner program that carried a complement of experiments to probe Venus' atmosphere by radio occultation, measure the hydrogen Lyman-alpha (hard ultraviolet) spectrum, and sample the solar particles and magnetic field fluctuations above the planet. Its goals were to measure ...
if Hispanics are able to enter an undergraduate program, the likelihood of them dropping out is extremely high. In the U.S., the college graduation rate for Hispanics is 23 percent compared to 47 percent for whites (PEW CENTER: 2005, 16). Overview of the main trends and challenges in US education reform: the past decades
Mariner 2 (Mariner-Venus 1962), an American space probe to Venus, was the first robotic space probe to report successfully from a planetary encounter. The first successful spacecraft in the NASA Mariner program , it was a simplified version of the Block I spacecraft of the Ranger program and an exact copy of Mariner 1 .