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[The Sixteenth Amendment] was a response to the Income Tax Cases (Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.), and it exempts only "taxes on incomes" from the apportionment rule that otherwise applies to direct taxes. [45] Professor Calvin H. Johnson, a tax professor at the University of Texas School of Law, has written:
The Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in February 1913, created the federal income tax in America. This form of taxation made the federal government powerful. It was supported by advocates called ...
Tax protester Sixteenth Amendment arguments are assertions that the imposition of the U.S. federal income tax is illegal because the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reads "The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration ...
Due to the political difficulties of taxing individual wages without taxing income from property, a federal income tax was impractical from the time of the Pollock decision until the time of ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment (below). Thus, the 1894 tax law was ruled unconstitutional and was effectively repealed.
Protesters argue that the income tax violates the Fifth Amendment right that no person shall be "deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law". [4] However, people can be deprived of life, liberty, or property with due process of law — this is what the courts do. [8] Legal commentator Daniel B. Evans describes:
Some tax protesters may cite what they believe is evidence that the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution (removing any apportionment requirement for income taxes) was never "properly ratified" or that it was properly ratified but does not permit the taxation of individual income, or particular forms of individual income.
Arguments made by tax protesters in the United States generally fall into several categories: that the Sixteenth Amendment was never properly ratified; that the Sixteenth Amendment does not permit the taxation of individual income, or particular forms of individual income; that other provisions of the Constitution such as the First, Fifth, or a ...
His principles for a progressive federal income tax were adopted by Congress after the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment. [1] A prolific scholar and teacher, his students had great influence on the fiscal architecture of postcolonial nations. [2] He served as an influential founding member of the American Economics Association. [1]