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Gyrification in the human brain. Gyrification is the process of forming the characteristic folds of the cerebral cortex. [1] The peak of such a fold is called a gyrus (pl. gyri), and its trough is called a sulcus (pl. sulci).
The cell nucleus is a key feature of the soma. The nucleus is the source of most of the RNA that is produced in neurons. In general, most proteins are produced from mRNAs that do not travel far from the cell nucleus. This creates a challenge for supplying new proteins to axon endings that can be a
The formation and folding of the neural plate is the first step in primary neurulation. This is followed by the refinement and growth of neural plate cells. The third step of primary neurulation does not involve the neural plate per se, but rather the edges of the neural plate, which come together, turning the plate into the start of the neural ...
The neural fold is a structure that arises during neurulation in the embryonic development of both birds and mammals among other organisms. [1] [2] This structure is associated with primary neurulation, meaning that it forms by the coming together of tissue layers, rather than a clustering, and subsequent hollowing out, of individual cells (known as secondary neurulation).
The hindbrain, which is the evolutionarily most ancient part of the chordate brain, also divides into different segments called rhombomeres. The rhombomeres generate many of the most essential neural circuits needed for life, including those that control respiration and heart rate, and produce most of the cranial nerves . [ 37 ]
Proper neural folding. Specialized cells called the notochord (A) induces ectoderm above it to become the primitive nervous system. (B) Neural tube forms (C) Gives rise to the brain and spinal cord. (D) Neural crest cells will migrate to different regions throughout the embryo to initiate development of glia, pigments, and other neural ...
At first, regulatory RNA was thought to be a eukaryotic phenomenon, a part of the explanation for why so much more transcription in higher organisms was seen than had been predicted. But as soon as researchers began to look for possible RNA regulators in bacteria, they turned up there as well, termed as small RNA (sRNA).
The formation of the neural tube from the ectoderm is called neurulation. The ventral part of the neural tube is called the basal plate; the dorsal part is called the alar plate. The hollow interior is called the neural canal. By the end of the fourth week of gestation, the open ends of the neural tube, called the neuropores, close off. [5]