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Two receivers are used to perform diversity reception. Cell antennas on an electricity pylon showing two antennas per sector. The use of multiple antennas at both transmit and receive results in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. The use of diversity techniques at both ends of the link is termed space–time coding.
In the case of wireless transmission, it can be achieved by antenna diversity using multiple transmitter antennas (transmit diversity) and/or multiple receiving antennas (reception diversity). In the latter case, a diversity combining technique is applied before further signal processing takes place.
When using diversity transmission and reception, the amount of received signal improvement depends on the independence of the fading characteristics of the signal as well as circuit outages and failures. Considering antenna diversity, in many systems additional antennas may be expensive or impractical at the remote or even at the base station.
Diversity combining reduces one possible single-point failure: any single receiver failure, or local interference to a single receiver, will not block reception on the entire system. Equipment sites can host many radio transmitters and receivers. [7] A single site is subject to local, site-specific interfering signals.
The signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with full or near orthogonal coding. Diversity coding exploits the independent fading in the multiple antenna links to enhance signal diversity. Because there is no channel knowledge, there is no beamforming or array gain from diversity coding. Diversity coding can be combined with ...
A smart antenna is a digital wireless communications antenna system that takes advantage of diversity effect at the source (transmitter), the destination (receiver), or both. MIMO is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver).
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The use of multiple receive antennas (thus MIMO) can further improve the reception of STC transmitted signals. With a Transmit Diversity rate = 1 (a.k.a. "Matrix A" in the 802.16 standard), different data bit constellations are transferred on two different antennas during the same symbol.
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