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It classified NAT implementations as full-cone NAT, (address) restricted-cone NAT, port-restricted cone NAT or symmetric NAT, and proposed a methodology for testing a device accordingly. However, these procedures have since been deprecated from standards status, as the methods are inadequate to correctly assess many devices.
Network address translation traversal is a computer networking technique of establishing and maintaining Internet Protocol connections across gateways that implement network address translation (NAT). NAT traversal techniques are required for many network applications, such as peer-to-peer file sharing and voice over IP. [1]
NAT traversal with SBC during user registration. Similar to the registration case, the SBC will also include itself in the path of INVITE and other request messages. When receiving an INVITE from a user agent behind a NAT, the SBC will include a via header with its own address, replace the information in the contact header with its own address and also replace the address information in the ...
In symmetric NAT, the NAT's mapping associated with the connection to the known STUN server is restricted to receiving data from the known server, and therefore the NAT mapping the known server sees is not useful information to the endpoint. In a somewhat more elaborate approach both hosts will start sending to each other, using multiple attempts.
Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) is a protocol that assists in traversal of network address translators (NAT) or firewalls for multimedia applications. It may be used with the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). It is most useful for clients on networks masqueraded by symmetric NAT devices.
STUN works with three types of NAT: full cone NAT, restricted cone NAT, and port restricted cone NAT. In the cases of restricted cone or port restricted cone NATs, the client must send out a packet to the endpoint before the NAT will allow packets from the endpoint through to the client. STUN does not work with symmetric NAT (also known as bi ...
the local IP:port as seen locally by the host and the internal part of the NAT. public endpoint, external endpoint the external IP:port mapped by the NAT, as seen by the network and the external part of the NAT. remote endpoint the IP:port of the other peer as seen by the network, or the external parts of both NATs.
However, connectivity between a Teredo client behind a symmetric NAT, and a Teredo client behind a port-restricted or symmetric NAT remains seemingly impossible. [ citation needed ] Indeed, Teredo assumes that when two clients exchange encapsulated IPv6 packets, the mapped/external UDP port numbers used will be the same as those that were used ...