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The state was legally established in the 8th century when Pepin the Short, king of the Franks, gifted Pope Stephen II, as a temporal sovereign, lands formerly held by Arian Christian Lombards adding them to lands and other real estate formerly acquired and held by the bishops of Rome as landlords from the time of Constantine onward.
Pope Pius II (Latin: Pius PP. II, Italian: Pio II), born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini (Latin: Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 August 1458 to his death.
King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy was excommunicated by Pope Pius IX when the king successfully waged war against the Papal States, resulting in limiting the pope to Vatican City. [84] Before Victor Emmanuel II's death his excommunication was lifted and he was permitted to take the last rites. [85]
Pius also wrote that Mussolini's regime was anti-Catholic. Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, Cardinal Secretary of State under Popes Benedict XVI and Francis, asserts that the encyclical was "strongly polemic" against Mussolini who ordered that Catholic youth associations be dissolved. [3] The encyclical states, presumably meaning Mussolini, that: 55.
Pope Pius II and Pope Sixtus IV also condemned the enslavement of Christians. [72] Scholars point out that slavery continued, since Pius II's prohibition related only to those recently baptised. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Pope Urban VIII confirmed this (7 October 1462, Apud Raynaldum in Annalibus Ecclesiasticis ad ann n.42), referring to those covered by ...
Nicholas II: Establishing cardinal-bishops as the sole electors of the pope. [2] 1079 Libertas ecclesiae ("The liberty of the Church") Gregory VII: About Church's independence from imperial authority and interference. 1079 Antiqua sanctorum patrum ("The old (traces of the) holy fathers") Granted the church of Lyon primacy over the churches of Gaul.
Since the declaration of papal infallibility by Vatican I (1870), Flinn states, the only example of an ex cathedra statement thereafter took place in 1950, when Pope Pius XII defined the Assumption of Mary as an article of faith. [64] In Ineffabilis Deus and Pius XII's cases, the popes consulted with Catholic bishops before making their ...
In 1903, Leo created New York City socialite and benefactress Annie Leary a Papal Countess, the first such title to have been bestowed upon a woman in the United States. [7] Pope Pius X named New York City builder John D. Crimmons a Knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great.