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Deductive reasoning is the process of drawing valid inferences from true premises. Learn about the logical features, rules, and applications of deductive reasoning, as well as its contrast with ampliative reasoning and psychological theories.
A rule of inference is a logical form that takes premises and returns a conclusion. Learn about different types of rules of inference, such as modus ponens, modus tollens, and contraposition, and how they are used in propositional logic and predicate logic.
Modus tollens is a deductive argument form and a rule of inference that takes the form of "If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not P." It is an application of the general truth that if a statement is true, then so is its contrapositive. See examples, history, relation to modus ponens, and formal notation.
[5] The type of inference drawn here is also called a "causal inference" because the inference made suggests that events in one sentence cause those in the next. Backward inferences can be either logical, in that the reader assumes one occurrence based on the statement of another, or pragmatic, in that the inference helps the reader comprehend ...
Logical reasoning is a form of thinking that is concerned with arriving at a conclusion in a rigorous way. [1] This happens in the form of inferences by transforming the information present in a set of premises to reach a conclusion.
Analogy is a comparison or correspondence between two things based on a third element they share. Learn about the different kinds of analogy, how it works in logic, language, science, and law, and its origins and development in philosophy and theology.
Learn about the logical laws that relate to mathematical formulae and how to use them to infer conclusions. See examples, tables, and definitions of rules of inference for propositional calculus, predicate logic, and substructural logic.
The problem of induction is a philosophical question about the rationality of predictions based on previous observations. Learn about its history, formulation, and solutions from various perspectives, such as Pyrrhonism, Indian philosophy, and Popper's critical rationalism.