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Thickening of the gastric folds may be observed by endoscopy or radiography and may aid in the differential diagnosis of many disease processes including: [3] Gastritis The folds become very thick due to inflammation. [7] Peptic ulcer disease Ulcers cause breaks in the mucosa and cause erosion of the sub-mucosa. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Ménétrier disease is a rare, acquired, premalignant disease of the stomach characterized by massive gastric folds, excessive mucus production with resultant protein loss, and little or no acid production (achlorhydria). The disorder is associated with excessive secretion of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α). [1]
The pylorus of the stomach has a thickened portion of the inner circular layer: the pyloric sphincter. Alone among the GI tract, the stomach has a third layer of muscular layer. This is the inner oblique layer and helps churn the chyme in the stomach.
Linitis plastica (sometimes referred to as leather bottle stomach) is a morphological variant of diffuse stomach cancer in which the stomach wall becomes thick and rigid. [ 1 ] Linitis plastica is a type of adenocarcinoma and accounts for 3–19% of gastric adenocarcinomas. [ 1 ]
Peptic ulcer disease is when the inner part of the stomach's gastric mucosa (lining of the stomach), the first part of the small intestine, or sometimes the lower esophagus, gets damaged. An ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer, while one in the first part of the intestines is a duodenal ulcer. [1]
Barium X-ray examinations are useful tools for the study of appearance and function of the parts of the gastrointestinal tract. They are used to diagnose and monitor esophageal reflux, dysphagia, hiatus hernia, strictures, diverticula, pyloric stenosis, gastritis, enteritis, volvulus, varices, ulcers, tumors, and gastrointestinal dysmotility, as well as to detect foreign bodies.
The luminal portion has a serrated ("saw tooth") appearance formed by tufts or folds of abundant apical cytoplasm. It contains glands with star-shaped lumina. [4] There are crypts that are elongated but straight, narrow and hyperchromatic at the base. All crypts reach to the muscularis mucosae. [4] The basement membrane is frequently thickened. [4]
Muscular EG (13–70%) present with obstruction of gastric outlet or small intestine; sometimes as an obstructing caecal mass or intussusception. Subserosal EG (4.5% to 9% in Japan and 13% in the US) [14] presents with ascites which is usually exudative in nature, abundant peripheral eosinophilia, and has favourable responses to corticosteroids.