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This is a list of radioactive nuclides (sometimes also called isotopes), ordered by half-life from shortest to longest, in seconds, minutes, hours, days and years. Current methods make it difficult to measure half-lives between approximately 10 −19 and 10 −10 seconds. [1]
At least 3,300 nuclides have been experimentally characterized [1] (see List of radioactive nuclides by half-life for the nuclides with decay half-lives less than one hour). A nuclide is defined conventionally as an experimentally examined bound collection of protons and neutrons that either is stable or has an observed decay mode .
All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 9 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half an hour. This element also has 18 meta states , with the most stable being 177m Lu (t 1/2 160.4 days), 174m Lu (t 1/2 142 days) and 178m Lu (t 1/2 23.1 minutes).
2# min 5/2−# 137m Pm 160(50) keV ... Promethium-147 has a half-life of 2.62 years, and is a fission product produced in nuclear reactors via beta decay from ...
Around 99.284% of natural uranium's mass is uranium-238, which has a half-life of 1.41 × 10 17 seconds (4.468 × 10 9 years, or 4.468 billion years). [1] Due to its natural abundance and half-life relative to other radioactive elements , 238 U produces ~40% of the radioactive heat produced within the Earth. [ 2 ]
Therefore, the half-life for this process (which differs from the mean lifetime by a factor of ln(2) ≈ 0.693) is 611 ± 1 s (about 10 min, 11 s). [3] [4] The beta decay of the neutron described in this article can be notated at four slightly different levels of detail, as shown in four layers of Feynman diagrams in a section below. n 0 → p ...
It has a half-life of 30 years, and decays by beta decay without gamma ray emission to a metastable state of barium-137 (137m Ba). Barium-137m has a half-life of a 2.6 minutes and is responsible for all of the gamma ray emission in this decay sequence. The ground state of barium-137 is stable. The photon energy (energy of a single gamma ray) of ...
, which undergoes beta decay with a half-life of 21.8 minutes to 233 Pa. This nuclide subsequently undergoes beta decay with a half-life of 27 days to form fissile 233 U. [4] One potential advantage of a thorium-based nuclear fuel cycle is that thorium is three times more abundant than uranium, the current fuel for commercial nuclear reactors.
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